Sperm freezing, also known as sperm cryopreservation, is a medical method that allows men to preserve their sperm for long periods of time without reducing its quality. This procedure provides men with the opportunity to have children in the future, including those who may face potential infertility issues.
For couples, sperm freezing is highly beneficial in safeguarding male reproductive health for future family planning. Cryopreservation makes it possible to store human sperm over extended periods while maintaining viability. Below are some interesting facts about sperm freezing.
What Is Sperm Freezing?
Sperm freezing, or cryopreservation, is a procedure in which sperm is frozen and preserved in liquid nitrogen at a temperature of −196°C.
This procedure is often carried out for men who plan to undergo assisted reproductive treatments such as intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Who Needs Sperm Freezing?
Sperm freezing can be recommended for men under the following circumstances:
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Undergoing cancer treatment such as chemotherapy or radiation, which may impair fertility.
Planning to delay fatherhood for personal or professional reasons.
Having a high level of mobility or frequent travel, making it difficult to participate in fertility programs.
Planning to undergo a vasectomy but still wishing to preserve fertility options.
Experiencing difficulties in sperm production, where cryopreservation serves as a precaution to secure available sperm.
According to Dr. Maitra, sperm freezing is also an important option for men with impaired sperm production, as it helps ensure the availability of sperm for future use.
How Is Sperm Freezing Done?
Many men are unfamiliar with the steps involved in sperm cryopreservation. The general process includes:
Consultation with an andrology specialist regarding medical history and ongoing treatments.
Semen analysis to evaluate sperm quality, quantity, motility, and morphology. Screening for medical conditions, such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), may also be performed.
Informed consent, documented in writing.
Collection of semen samples in a sterile container.
Selection of the best-quality sperm, followed by storage in liquid nitrogen at −196°C.
How Long Can Sperm Be Stored?
Scientifically, sperm stored in liquid nitrogen at −196°C can last for 100 to 500 years without losing viability (Dr. Maitra, 2025).
However, according to Regulation of the Indonesian Ministry of Health No. 2/2025, Article 49, the official storage period for sperm, eggs, and embryos is one year, which can be extended upon request from the couple.
What Happens When Frozen Sperm Is Thawed?
After being frozen, sperm can be stored for the long term and later used for fertility treatments such as IVF or IUI.
When thawed, some sperm may lose motility or viability. However, the surviving sperm are usually sufficient and of good enough quality to fertilize an egg successfully.
How Is Frozen Sperm Thawed?
The thawing process must be performed carefully to maintain sperm quality. Two common methods are:
Incubator method: placing the frozen sample in an incubator at 37°C for about 15 minutes until fully thawed.
Room temperature method: leaving the sperm sample at room temperature for 15–20 minutes until thawed.
Rapid or excessive temperature changes, direct light exposure, or physical agitation can damage sperm quality. Therefore, strict laboratory protocols are followed during thawing.
Conclusion
Sperm freezing is a safe and effective method for men who wish to preserve their fertility for future use. It is recommended for those undergoing medical treatments, planning to delay parenthood, or seeking backup options for reproductive health. Consultation with an andrology specialist is essential before undergoing this procedure.
