There are many factors that can make it difficult for couples to conceive. One of the main causes is the failure of the egg to be fertilized.
Ovulation is a crucial step in the journey toward pregnancy. For women planning to conceive with their partners, understanding what ovulation is and how this process works is essential.
However, there are times when ovulation does not occur as expected, reducing the chances of pregnancy. So, why does ovulation fail, and what factors can influence it? Find out more below!
Causes of Failed Egg Fertilization
Ovulation is the process of releasing an egg from the ovary, which is essential for conception. If the egg is not released, fertilization by sperm cannot occur, making pregnancy difficult. According to the Women & Infants Fertility Center, around 30% of female infertility cases are caused by anovulation.
Anovulation is a condition in which the ovary does not release an egg during the menstrual cycle, meaning no egg is available for fertilization. This is one of the most common causes of infertility in women since pregnancy cannot occur without ovulation.
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Several factors can contribute to anovulation, ranging from hormonal imbalances to physical and lifestyle factors. Here are some common causes:
1. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
PCOS is a major cause of ovulation failure. This condition occurs when the body produces excessive male hormones (androgens), disrupting the maturation and release of eggs. PCOS is also commonly associated with irregular menstrual cycles.
2. Hypothalamic Dysfunction
The hypothalamus, a part of the brain that regulates reproductive hormones, plays a crucial role in triggering ovulation. If the hypothalamus is damaged or does not function properly, it can disrupt the hormonal signals necessary for egg release.
3. Pituitary Gland Disorders
The pituitary gland produces Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH), which are essential for egg maturation. Any disruption to this gland can impair or even completely halt ovulation.
4. Ovarian Damage or Injury
Repeated ovarian surgeries, such as cyst removal procedures, can affect the ovary’s ability to produce and release eggs properly.
5. Premature Menopause
Premature menopause occurs when the ovaries stop functioning before the age of 40, leading to an early decline in egg production and ovulation.
6. Being Underweight or Overweight
Extreme weight fluctuations can affect ovulation. Excess body weight can cause hormonal imbalances that hinder ovulation, while being underweight may interfere with the production of essential reproductive hormones.
7. Chronic Stress
Prolonged stress can affect the hypothalamus, which controls ovulation hormones. High stress levels may disrupt hormonal balance, leading to irregular ovulation.
8. Excessive Exercise
Intense physical activity or excessive exercise can disrupt hormonal balance in women, preventing ovulation from occurring.
These conditions can significantly reduce the chances of ovulation, ultimately making conception more difficult. If you and your partner are experiencing difficulty conceiving, consulting a medical professional can help identify the exact cause and provide the appropriate treatment.
Signs of Anovulation (Failed Egg Release)
One of the most common signs of anovulation is irregular menstrual cycles. Other symptoms may include:
Missed periods (amenorrhea) for one or more cycles without pregnancy.
Very light or excessively heavy menstrual flow.
Unstable basal body temperature.
Additionally, abnormal cervical mucus production—such as little or no mucus—may also indicate anovulation. Women with PCOS-induced anovulation may experience additional symptoms, such as excessive hair growth on areas like the upper lip and chin.
Blighted Ovum: When Fertilization Fails
If ovulation occurs successfully, the released egg moves into the fallopian tube, where it meets sperm for fertilization. If fertilized, the egg develops into an embryo, which later implants in the uterus to grow into a fetus.
However, sometimes embryonic development fails, leaving behind an empty pregnancy sac. This condition is called a blighted ovum (empty pregnancy) and is one of the most common causes of early miscarriage.
Approximately 50% of first-trimester miscarriages are caused by a blighted ovum. The exact cause is still unknown, but experts suspect that chromosomal abnormalities in the egg are the main trigger.
Despite fertilization failure, women with a blighted ovum may still test positive for pregnancy and experience early pregnancy symptoms like nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness, and fatigue.
However, after some time, signs of miscarriage may appear, such as:
Vaginal spotting or bleeding.
Abdominal cramps.
No fetal heartbeat.
Disappearance of pregnancy symptoms.
Because a blighted ovum initially resembles a normal pregnancy, it is often only detected through an ultrasound examination.
Factors That Improve Egg Fertilization Success
For an egg to be successfully fertilized, several conditions must be met. Here are key factors that support conception:
1. High-Quality Egg and Sperm
A mature, healthy egg is more likely to be fertilized. If the egg is of poor quality, fertilization may not occur. Similarly, sperm with strong motility and normal shape have a higher chance of successfully reaching and fertilizing the egg.
2. Ideal Maternal Age
The best age for conception is between 20 and 35 years old, as egg quality and quantity are at their peak. After 35, fertility naturally declines, and the risk of chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus increases.
3. Hormonal Balance
Hormones like estrogen and progesterone are essential for ovulation and pregnancy. If these hormones are out of balance, ovulation may not occur, reducing the chances of fertilization.
4. Healthy Reproductive Organs
A healthy fallopian tube is necessary for sperm to meet the egg. Any blockage or damage in the tube can prevent fertilization.
After fertilization, the egg must implant in the uterine lining. A healthy uterus provides the best environment for pregnancy to develop.
5. A Healthy Lifestyle
Proper nutrition (rich in vitamins, protein, and folate) supports reproductive health.
Regular physical activity helps regulate hormones but should not be excessive, as intense workouts may disrupt ovulation.
Avoid smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and too much caffeine, as these can lower fertility.
6. Stress Management
Long-term stress can disrupt hormonal production, leading to irregular menstrual cycles. Practices like yoga or meditation can help maintain ovulation regularity.
By following these recommendations, couples can improve their chances of successful fertilization and pregnancy. If you are over 35 years old or have specific health conditions, consulting a fertility specialist can be the best step toward achieving a successful pregnancy.
A doctor can help determine the right pregnancy program (promil) for you, based on your condition. Don’t hesitate—schedule a consultation today!
